Essay on “Andrea Doworkin’s and Sonia Sanchez’s Feminist Theories Similarities and Differences”

Essay on â€Å"Andrea Doworkin’s and Sonia Sanchez’s Feminist Theories: Similarities and Differences† This paper endeavors to compare and contrast two feminists, Andrea Doworkin and Sonia Sanchez, and their theories. Andrea Doworkin was born to secular Jewish parents and raised in Camden, New Jersey. Drawing from her past life experiences, Doworkin rose to become a second wave feminist. She had negative life experiences owing to the sexual assaults she suffered on a number of occasions. As such, Doworkin’s main theme revolves around male violence against women. According to Doworkin, the current society is characterized by males’ supremacy and rape, prostitution, and pornography are solid representations of gender norms. On the other hand, Sonia Sanchez is a renowned poet owing to her contribution in the Back Arts Movement. Sanchez works denounce racism and sexism that she encountered during her early upbringing in a militant black community (Saunders 73). Sanchez works also show her concern with regard to the welfare of the black community, and social justice (Soble 2 41). Although the philosophical theorization of Doworkin writing’s is not clear, her arguments revolve around sexism she finds in the society. Doworkin is determined to erase binary concepts of gender and their oppressive effects (Bennice and Patricia 273). Passivity, self hatred and masochism, are singled out as the main deconstructions of female gender role. According to Doworkin, male supremacy is constructed and reinforced in the society through the sexist structuring of public institutions and private interactions, which illuminate three elements of male supremacy (Brownmiller 40). These elements include rape, pornography, and sexual intercourse. Doworkin analyzes pornography in three different books namely Our Blood, Letters from a War Zone, Woman Hating, and Pornography; male Possessing Women (Bennice and Patricia 270). Amazingly, In Woman Hating, Doworkin had some positive comments on the pornography of the 1960s and early 1970s. She stated â€Å"its graphic depictions and celebration of oral sex and female genitals helped breakdown the barrier to the realization of a full sexuality† (Dworkin 34). However, in Right Wing Women, she argues that in order for an individual to be crowned feminist, one should be anti pornography. The two feminists have a couple of things they share in common. The two authors’ theories aim at protecting the rights of women. The two feminists rose to become radical feminists owing to the challenging experiences they encountered while growing up as young girls. Doworkin’s theory of anti pornography is based on a number of difficult experiences she had while growing up. As such, her main argument aims at denouncing male supremacy in the society, which she argues necessitates female sexual harassment. Sonia Sanchez also draws her motivation from the racism and sexism she faced during her yester years (Dworkin 34). The two feminists also have a number of differences. Doworkin’s theory revolves around denouncing, male supremacy and female sexual harassment. Although Sanchez’s theory denounces female sexual harassment in the society, it also endeavors to fight for the rights of the black community, and social justice. Upon analyzing the two theories, Doworkin’s theory stands out as the most elaborate. Doworkin attempts to explain what her theory entails. According to Doworkin, male supremacy is constructed and reinforced in the society through the sexist structuring of public institutions and private interactions, which illuminate three elements of male supremacy.

Analysis Of Araby And The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock

Nathan Layton Professor Malloy Intro to Lit 31 Oct 2014 Anticipation There is nothing as good as securing an achievement in life. The feeling one gets in succeeding puts a smile on the faces of many. In most cases, it calls for celebrations with less focus on the hurdles and obstacles that one had gone through in becoming successful. Many are the times that our spirits have aroused in a joyful mood or a dance out of impulse for a job well done. It could be struggling academically and finally graduating with honors. It could be spending many months looking for a job and getting hired by one of the best companies in the country or finally marrying the dream spouse! When a person is about to succeed in something, there is a feeling of anticipation that usually comes. It can be a wonderful experience full of joy or a horrible, hellish chamber full of uncertainty and despair. This paper discusses how different characters in the short stories â€Å"Araby† and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock are prisoners of anticipation. It shows how it stifles t he characters’ ability to live life to the fullest. James Joyce published â€Å"Araby† in 1914 in his short-story collection of Dubliners. It is about an introverted young boy who is fumbling towards adulthood with an infatuation towards a girl. However, there are many obstacles that stand before him and the girl of his dream including his community and family. From the settings’ description, the boy does not like his neighborhood. It is aShow MoreRelatedBusiness and Management2600 Words   |  11 Pages | | | | |Boys and Girls, Alice Munro (pp. 772-781) | | | | |â€Å"Araby,† James Joyce (pp. 879-883) | | | | |Everyday Use, Alice Walker (pp. 1087-1093) |

The darkness closed in over her †Creative extended writing Free Essays

string(63) " What could he mean again\? Have they met before\? Impossible\." The darkness closed in over her. She could feel it getting nearer. Every breath a vicious flash back of her life. We will write a custom essay sample on The darkness closed in over her – Creative extended writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Don’t hurt me,† she sobbed. â€Å"Please don’t hurt me†. Still he came, closing in on her. The silence was deadly. She huddled against the cold, damp wall, paralysed with fear. She thought that if she moved he would easily find her, but it was useless, he knew where she was anyway. She tried closing her eyes and block out thoughts of what he would do, willing herself to disappear. There was no escape now. She was stuck, watching him draw nearer, if she closed her eyes, visions would appear. Horrible visions of him committing the deadly crime. Over and over in her mind, she could see herself being killed and lying dead on the dark floor of the secluded warehouse. â€Å"No!† she screamed. Eyes wide open. She couldn’t believe it. She was alive. He was gone. It had changed, there was no longer the dripping pipes or piled boxes of the warehouse. Instead, she found herself in a green field, daisies and rabbits everywhere. She was stunned, suddenly the terrible death scene had transformed into something completely different. Something she liked. The sun was setting over the hills, the gentle breeze caressing her face. She sat on a soft patch of heather and sighed. Turning to see the view, everything disappeared from her line of sight and all she saw was rubble flying everywhere. An earthquake, maybe, or a bomb. She crouched down to dodge the rocks that were falling like rain. Then she felt the rocks start to disintegrate beneath her. She started to panic. What was happening? She fell and landed on something soft. It looked familiar, where was she? â€Å"I know this place,† she whispered to herself. She felt soft flooring underneath the soles of her bare feet. Reaching down with her hand, she touched a rug. Her rug. She was back in her room. But something was different. Something was missing. Light. Everything was in darkness and the atmosphere was eerie. Something wasn’t quite right. She tried closing her eyes tight again, imagined she was somewhere else. Hoping that when she opened her eyes again, everything would be okay. But things don’t work that way. Horror struck as she realised she couldn’t open her eyes. â€Å"I can’t open my eyes!† she screamed, running into the wall. She desperately clawed at her eyes but to no avail. Then ‘POP!’ Her ears popped and she lost all sense of hearing. Deaf, blind, it can’t get any worse! Could it? Just as she thought it was the end, the vision of her home faded into sight. Taking a deep breath, she stepped into the hallway. Smiling as she recognised each and every familiar crack in the paintwork. Her dads’ handiwork. â€Å"Ahem.† She spun round to face a police officer. â€Å"And what are you doing here young lady?† he said in an immaculate British accent. â€Å"I†¦I live here† she stammered. â€Å"Preposterous!† cried the police officer. â€Å"You can’t live here!† close to tears, she looked him in the eye and said. â€Å"Why not?† Just as the police officer was about to answer, her little brother stared at her in shock from behind him. His face completely drained of colour. He gulped and said â€Å"Officer, tell me you can see her too.† What was going on? Had he gone crazy? Was something going on in his warped 14 year old mind? What could he possibly mean by that? â€Å"Yes I see her. What a strange thing to ask. She obviously there, I mean†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he stopped dead in his tracks. â€Å"Oh goodness. Is that†¦?† her brother nodded slowly, hardly believing it himself. â€Å"But that’s impossible!† exclaimed the police officer. â€Å"How can it be?† â€Å"How can what be?† she asked. â€Å"What’s going on?† she stared at her brother, waiting for him to answer. â€Å"You’re dead.† It was so simple. Amazing what two little words could do. She couldn’t believe her ears. â€Å"I’m what?† she whispered. â€Å"You’re dead sis. But then, how come I can see you? Are you like†¦some kind of spirit now? A ghost?† she stared blankly at him. He stared expectantly back into her eyes. Amidst the silence, the police officer crept away. â€Å"I†¦I don’t know.† She said. â€Å"Am I†¦Am I dreaming?† she stammered. Confused, she held her heavy head in her hands. Her eyes rolled into her head and colours swirled in her mind. She felt as light as air. Just like a ghost! She looked at her hands and she could see her brothers’ horrified face through them. â€Å"Delise?† he cried her name. She was too shocked to speak as she faded away into nothingness, or so her brother thought. She found herself in a beautiful, peaceful garden, full of tulips, her favourite. There was a sparkling pond with a weeping willow hanging over it providing some cool shade. She couldn’t help but relax and it felt so good. There was a tall, young man standing in the middle of it, she wondered how she had not noticed him until just now. â€Å"Delise Patterson,† he smiled. â€Å"I’ve been expecting you† â€Å"I’m dead,† was all she could say. â€Å"No people never die, you are not a ghost, you are a person. That body was your ghost. Now you are free of it. Now you are nothing but yourself, like it was meant to be.† He smiled warmly at her but she didn’t return it. â€Å"I have to go back! I want to go back!† she cried. â€Å"Why would you want to return to a place where you can feel pain, where you can get hurt, where you can hurt others?† he asked, â€Å"This is paradise.† â€Å"I was murdered! Please show me how to go back!† she screamed. â€Å"Why do you want to go back?† he repeated the question patiently. â€Å"I have to find the bastard who killed me!† she screamed angrily. â€Å"No!† he flared out. â€Å"I’m not letting you get away! Not again, not ever.† â€Å"Get away again?† she said to herself. What could he mean again? Have they met before? Impossible. You read "The darkness closed in over her – Creative extended writing" in category "Papers" She was sure she could recognise a face like that. Beautiful, yet twisted. Charming, yet deceptive. Cocky, yet hesitant. â€Å"Never again will I let you escape. My whole life spent searching for something, and in a matter of seconds, it’s gone. She’s gone. You, were gone.† He said, close to tears. Delise could sense that if she didn’t do anything soon, he’d be sobbing uncontrollably and she’d never get out. She’d never go back. Back home. But she needed to get back to take her wicked revenge. â€Å"Please stop crying. I†¦I will come back.† But he still wept. Delise was starting to get irritated. â€Å"Come on don’t be pathetic, what do you mean you won’t let me go again?† â€Å"You don’t recognise me do you?† he said through tears. â€Å"Why should I?† she asked, puzzled. â€Å"How can I recognise you if I don’t know who you are?† â€Å"But you DO know me. You DO!† he cried. â€Å"How can you not recognise your own brother?† Silence. â€Å"Tim?† she whispered. â€Å"Yes,† he whispered back. â€Å"Tim.† He didn’t know why he did that. Lied to her. He guessed Tim was her brother. He’d change his name to Tim now. Yes. Tim. â€Å"You look so different.† She said stunned. â€Å"Tim. If you love me, you will let me go back. Don’t you want the person who murdered me to get what they deserve? She sobbed. â€Å"You’re not dead.† He said. â€Å"How many times do I need to tell you? You’re not dead!† he paused. How could he come up with a believable reason? â€Å"I took you here to be†¦safe.† Delise stared in disbelief. â€Å"I didn’t want you to get hurt.† He said. â€Å"Hurt?† she questioned. â€Å"Yes. Hurt. Hurt by†¦me.† â€Å"What? But you’re my brother! Why would you hurt me?† she cried. â€Å"I’m not your brother and you can’t leave. I have to protect you from him.† â€Å"This is crazy.† She said. â€Å"I’m protecting you from him, the guy in the sky, the man upstairs, GOD.† â€Å"What? I’d rather be dead than stay here with you, you psycho.† â€Å"Oh no you don’t.† he muttered. â€Å"Nobody stands up to me and gets away with it!† he screamed. â€Å"I am the most powerful being there is! Fear me mortal!† â€Å"DELISE!† she heard a man’s voice. â€Å"Don’t look into his eyes! It’s Satan!† Satan? She knew she was in real trouble now. Clamping her eyes shut she screamed for help. Nobody came. The darkness closed in over her. She could feel it getting nearer. Every breath a vicious flash back of her life†¦ She felt dizzy. Exhausted and sick. Ill with confusion. Fatigued, she fell into a deep sleep. * * * * * Delise awoke to the sound of humming. A mellifluous tune. Calming and dreamy. She hummed along as if she knew the tune all her life. Smiling, she sat up. Beside her, a man in his early twenties aroused, dazed. Not the man she met in the garden, he was too peaceful to be evil. â€Å"Delise,† he whispered. â€Å"Is it really you?† â€Å"Yes.† She whispered back. â€Å"Who are you?† â€Å"Tim.† He smiled. Truth in his eyes. Eyes that have seen too much. Eyes like Delise’s. â€Å"It’s really you this time, I can tell.† She said. â€Å"Oh Tim!† she cried as she threw her arms around him. â€Å"I won’t ever leave you again.† Tim’s eyes started to fill with tears â€Å"That day†¦when the house was burgled and mum and dad†¦well you know†¦where did you go?† he whispered between sobs. â€Å"You just sort of†¦faded out of sight. All those years I thought you were dead.† He sobbed. â€Å"I’m sorry Tim.† She really was. â€Å"I was so alone! My friends turned on me. They called me an unwanted orphan. So long, Delise, too long.† â€Å"Do they still†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she couldn’t think of what to say. â€Å"Bully me? Call me names? No.† He said. â€Å"Never again. I am forever rid of them. The world is forever rid of them.† Her eyes widened in shock. â€Å"Oh Tim you didn’t did you? Oh please say it’s not true!† she wept hysterically. Without waiting for his answer, she ran. She ran for what seemed like forever until she was out of breath. Panting, she rested her pounding head on the cool wall of the dimly lit corridor. By now, she was sobbing uncontrollably, she couldn’t, wouldn’t believe it. Her little brother? He’s a†¦she couldn’t bring herself to even think the word. Suddenly, she froze. Footsteps. Behind her. She waited. Still the footsteps drew nearer, ever closer, the pace matching that of her hearts’. Spinning round, she searched for the eyes of her stalker. There was no one there. â€Å"Delise.† Said a voice behind her. She gasped in horror. â€Å"Murderer.† Whispered Delise. â€Å"Delise, you need to understand, I had to do it. There was no other option.† â€Å"No other option.† Said Delise coolly. â€Å"No other option!† she turned on him, pushing and shoving, wrapping her slender but strong arms around his dark neck. â€Å"Don’t give me that you little piece of shit! I’m ashamed of you Tim. You are a disgrace.† She hissed. â€Å"It was either them or me. Satan is in charge of the world now and he controls everything. There’s no escape Delise. He’s even watching us right now. He makes people fight for his fun, but there’s no loser until someone dies. They had to die.† Still hitting him, but now more feebly, she wept. She wept for her brother, she wept for those he killed, but more than anything, she wept for herself as she saw an image play in her mind. She was standing, covered in blood. Someone else’s blood. â€Å"This is it. You ready?† sneered a woman also covered in blood. Delise glared hard at her. â€Å"You look just like my mother. I’m home† she spat back. Screaming, the anonymous woman ran at her dagger at the ready. Barbarically, Delise mirrored her actions but was a split second too late. The cold metal touched her skin seductively before breaking the skin, scraping her ribcage, piercing her already broken heart. Eyes wide open; Delise didn’t even have a chance to scream. The taste of fresh blood in her dry mouth, gushing out onto the sandy floor. A stinging mixture of blood, sweat and tears as she realised this was no vision. She fell forwards, pushing the dagger all the way through so that it protruded her back. The darkness closed in over her. She could feel it getting nearer. Every breath a vicious flash back of her life. Closing her eyes, she let herself drift into sleep, never to wake again. How to cite The darkness closed in over her – Creative extended writing, Papers

Complementary Business Innovations Project Advancement

Question: Discuss about the Complementary Business Innovations for Project Advancement. Answer: Introduction The main purpose of this report or rather project is to appreciate that solar energy is not being used in many households currently. The renewable energy has been selected in this project because the advancement of the words power requires the solar energy in addition to the available modes of electricity. The study was undertaken to determine the uses of solar energy more specifically in households. The use of solar energy in most households is determined by the viability of the amount of solar insolation I addition to the climatic conditions. For instance, during winter it is very hard to use solar energy. Most people want to use the most reliable source of electricity. The projects also seek to analyse the advantages of solar energy, the environmental impact it has, the long run term as well as try too suave most of the population into using solar energy. A comparison will be made between the costs of the normal power source as to that of solar energy. Purpose of report Most management researchers have put their attention into looking on how new practices and use of new innovations by an economy. The studies are aimed at looking the imperative nature of new innovations and their effectiveness in either improving or stagnating the economic status of a certain country. The use of solar in households can be very imperative steps that will create more job opportunities as well reduce the cost of power. The adoption of such process is not only suitable for organizational and national economic growth but very instrumental in the creation of wealth. Interviews conducted different areas are also presented for the project to establish the real cause of not using solar energy despite the advantages it presents to economy as well as the environment. Recommendations from the research are made in and conclusively, the paper seeks to encourage more and more households to embrace solar energy as opposed to electricity. Context of perceived problem There are very few firms or even organizations providing solar panels currently. This is attributed to climatic conditions. The duration that lasts for some time will render the employees jobless and the eventual closer of their services. Making some people has temporary jobs yet they need to pay bills and send their children to school. The unreliable nature of the solar energy makes it less attractive to potential investors which in turn the availability of a readily available market in most cases is very low. Methodology (ies) and Limitations The individuals involved may not fully grasp the concept of adapting to a new way of getting power and this includes the kind of rationales involved. The study therefore would only be possible if the right method of research is used that is survey through the conduction of interviews to various homes. Survey as a method of research is inconsequential because it mainly involves predetermined items which actually may be very different because of different responses from totally diverse experiences. Alternatively, if the items used are open and subjective to discussion, then the interpretations well as the reliability becomes another monumental problem. Contrary, if another method is used, lets say qualitative case, the individuals involved in the research will be given an opportunity to share their own epilogues Damanpour et al.,(2009) subsequently, giving the researchers a chance to also probe what the respondents say to establish if its something to go with. The method also allows the researcher to only on the area of interest and do away with what may seem irrelevant Eisenhardt,(1989); Hoskisson,et al,. (1999) The other methodology used while conducting the research was the critical analysis of previous academic research papers as well as physical interviews from individuals. Subsequently the limitations encountered during the study as well as the research make the report quite variable because most of the data gathered is from different perceptive which may differ or may tally depending on what they prefer on their own context. The study adopted the methodology of survey so as to establish key reasons as to why most people are not yet using solar panels despite the fact they are easily available and technology can be manipulated to fit their desires however complex they might be. This study therefore primarily focuses on the strengths of using solar energy as opposed to the normal electricity found in our households. Team composition The study comprises of student or primarily the researchers, investors, electricians and technologists. Phase 1: What is? Understanding the problem Introduction The determinant of the use renewable energy in households is highly placed in the effectiveness as well as the advancement of the new technologies. Studies show that, the incorporated light emitting diodes (LEDS) and the lamps that use HPS are advanced in details and therefore suitable for use in households serving different purposes such as lighting, cooking, watching television and even for washing. There are large amounts of power that is required in order to serve all the mentioned purposes as such, very large solar arrays in addition to a battery bank is required in order to sustain the high pressure needed and subsequently a battery bank that will be able to last the whole winter session. Secondly, since the power demand will change drastically; therein there will be needed to reduce the demand of the power without necessarily requiring a new bulb that is special in any way. The bulbs should be able to incorporate and adapt easily to the high efficient balance. The cost of bulb s will increase but also the number of days it will last increases proportionately. The only best way to control the cost is to ensure that at the designing level, cost should be decreased in order to select the best equipment. Literature review Within the case study for each household, the research personnel steered their interviews within a wide range of households, electricians and technologists. This is because they play a major role in ensuring that the solar energy is used in their homes and they control the regulations. In total our research team interviewed a total of ten individuals. The interviews lasted for two to three hours each. Nevertheless, Mol and Birkinshaw (2009. p.1269) notice that the reports done on the topic are scanty more especially when looking it at the level of analysing a firm or organization. Additionally, the perception of comprehending the implementation of the laws that regards the use of solar energy and the consequences that will be faced when they are effectively instigated into practice. On the other hand, Battisti and Iona (2009) argue that the traditional use of power from turbines, the ownership of power plants and the existing market competition are the main factors that can be looked into for answers why most households are not using solar energy as their main source power. They therefore suggest that it is very essential to deliberate on the substitute enlightenments that seek to give comprehensive analysis on the reasons.. Design brief The solar lamp is usually determined by the number of watts required by the solar panel in addition to the batteries. The panel rating will be used to establish the number of batteries as well as the kind of controller that essential to put up with the pressure of handling voltage and the current outputs. In the research, 100-watt sodium bulb was chosen because it provides the needed 9500 by a household in order to use a solar panel. The amount of energy used is also determined by the number of amp the batter will use in days without the need to recharge. There is deep-cycle type of batteries that use lead acid gel. They are also designed in a way they can comfortably handle the strain that comes with recharging, they also have a longer life span that can range up to seven years. The might therefore, cannot match that of the regular solar panel that lasts up to three years. Conclusively, the prototype design is the most suitable design for solar panel. The fact that it can last longe r, it will encourage more and more households to switch to renewable energy as opposed to hydroelectric power that we are used to. Problem Visualisation After careful evaluation, the report brings out the realization that the main problem is to convince the general population on the advantages of solar energy. It will take the power of technologists and electricians to come on board and talk about in language they can understand and adapt to the suggestion more easily. Another problem is how to convince investors and business person to take up on the prototype designs of solar panels. Entrepreneurs are great risk takers, however, some of these risks seem not be worthwhile. Interviews Constant with other researches, the researchers adopted interview questions that are normally used in such sessions which was guided by a prior literature guide .The agenda of the questions were structured n a way that sought to know the main reasons as why most households were not using the solar energy. How they reached to a conclusion that electricity from turbines was the best. How they were planning to adopt the new change and that includes the dates when they will start using the solar energy and if relevant when the house holds would stop using electricity. All interviews were recorded and transcribed. The data was coded using the tabular layouts using the word processing system that allows coding while accessing it (Strauss and Corbin, (1990). The data was well categorized so as to make it easy to read and the word processing package allowed the addition of more information. Journey mapping The use of solar panel is greatly affected by the geographical location of an area. For instance, households that experience strong winds and frequent torrential rains can only be advised to adopt to the use of hydroelectric power and wind turbines. Areas that have coals will use geothermal power. Where sun experienced in longer periods, the solar energy can be encouraged vehemently. Tool X Tool Y Phase 2: What if? Developing solution concept Hypotheses formulation Investors and interested parties have to go into the market and look at the available data on solar panels. This will help them in formulating a hypothesis so that they can invest on it wisely. Wiping away the current solar panels may render closure to some manufactures Benders (2006). Therefore, it was also suggested that the manufacturers to be given a chance to voice out their opinions. They can also be given time to be able to come up with the suggested type of design. This means that their employees will have to undergo some training to sharpen their skills and improve on what they know. Sales executives will also be required to go for training to learn the new features of the suggested design. Phase 3: What wows? Assumption Testing and Experimentation A period of test will be allowed and a hundred households will participate in the trial process. The trial period will take two months more especially during summer when the sun is always up on the sky. After the period elapses, interviews will be conducted to ascertain the kind of experience these households had. For the feedback to be viable, the households were carefully selected according to the number of electrical appliances they have in addition to the amount of time they spend in their homes. The family number was also put into consideration. The feedback was as follows. Households with more electrical appliances: the voltage used was slightly higher but the watts of the prototype design solar panel were able to sustain the pressure quite well. On the other hand, there are households that used a very small amount of voltage therein saving more energy and ruling out the chanced of recharging their batteries in less than four days. This is a very positive feedback thus encouraging more and more households to cut on the electricity costs and use the money on other projects that are meant to make life more comfortable. Conclusion Conclusively, the renewable energy seems to be a untapped gold in most countries because of the lack of technology know how in addition to few investors in the area. More importantly, there are very few households who use solar power. This is because of many assumptions that mostly misconceptions. Solar energy if well harnessed can create employment opportunities to a very large number of people. Recommendations The report offers no recommendations until when the solar power has been used. References Battisti G, Iona A.(2009) The intra-firm diffusion of complementary innovations: Evidence from the adoption of management practices by British establishments. Research Policy Battisti G, Stoneman P. (2009) how innovative are UK firms? Evidence from the fourth UK Community innovation survey on synergies between technical and organizational Innovations. British Journal of Management 2009;online early version. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8551.2009.00629.x Benders J. (2002) Too many tools? On problem solving in NPD projects. International Journal of Innovation Management 2002;6:163-185. Birkinshaw J, Hamel G, Mol M. (2008)Management innovation. Academy of Management Review 2008;4:825-845. Birkinshaw J, Mol M. How management innovation happens. MIT Sloan Management Review 2006;4:81-88. Birkinshaw J, Mol M. Management Innovation. Academy of Management Review 2003;4:825-845. Damanpour F. (2009)An integration of research findings of effects of firm size and market Competition on product and process innovations. British Journal of Management Damanpour F, Schneider M.(2006) Phases of the adoption of innovation in organizations: effects of environment, organization and top manager. British Journal of Management